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The study recommends that there should be a sequence after a while to find out if there are any changes that have occurred and a comparison with this data may be done to measure the extent of change or otherwise. II. firm Significant and president of the Netherlands Platform for Public Procurement. Organisations are investing in: Category managers need to be equipped with the right skillset with which to sell procurement to internal stakeholders. It is important to protect the supply base to ensure continuous trading. To find out more, download a GovProcure brochure here. 87 ss. It is a longitudinal study of a procurement process taking place in a regional health authority covering the period 2006 to 2017.,A complex and longitudinal public procurement process where pre-hospital (ambulance) services are transformed from relational and outsourced governance to more formal arrangements based on legal and transactional controls, is described in detail. The State Procurement Board procedures and the public procurement process have been criticized for much of the lagging behind of government projects, such as the construction of roads, provision of clean water and sewer reticulation, amongst others (The Herald, 20 January 2018). Book Description. | Learn more about ric Charron's work experience, education, connections & more by visiting their profile on LinkedIn The process of contract management Contract management activities can be broadly grouped into three areas: delivery management, relationship management, and contract administration. The issues addressed include the management of dynamic procurement; the handling of procurement risk; the architecture of purchasing systems; the structure of incentives in procurement contracts; methods to increase suppliers' participation in procurement contests and e-procurement platforms; how to minimize the risk of collusion and of corruption; pricing and reputation mechanisms in e . The hands-on training and formal procurement trainings were provided to the relevant MIFT, AICD staff and tender committee members, and EAs/IAs of ADB-financed projects. Supply risk is always a major challenge in the procurement process. Devise a simple and effective communication plan, with just the right amount of appropriate information at the right time. High, medium or low-level support; full-time technical support or ad hoc advice; specific actions required and why these are important, c) Identify the key message to each stakeholder. Pioneering organizations such as the American, Purpose To analyze the role of construction site supervisors, including foremen and general foremen, as frontline managers. Procurement executive with over 20 years of experience developing global and local procurement strategies while significantly reducing risk and increasing profitability. GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: AN ITALIAN PERSPECTIVE - pp. While the nature of goods or services within procurement contracts may vary, some common issues tend to arise. Addressing the skills gap in the supply chain industry, We must equip procurement professionals to be leaders, 10 things procurement can learn from marathon runners. In recent years, the spend by public sector agencies in both the UK and Australia has been measured as over 40 per cent of national GDP. With the advancement of technology and the market, procurement challenges are also evolving. Although contract management is critical for the success of the company, it is usually overlooked by managers. chattanooga choo choo train ride tickets. Based on the above discussion, public procurement can be defined as follows: Public procurement is the function whereby public sector organisations acquire and Theuri (2014) studied challenges encountered by devolved governments in Kenya in contract management.Muriu R. (2012) did a study on the nature and influence of contract management Introduce 3. In most countries, state and federal departments and agencies are responsible for purchasing for public services, including healthcare, infrastructure, and education. Procurement Reforms in Africa: The Strides, Challenges, and Improvement Opportunities, The Role of Tendering in Procurement and Supply Chain Management On public Organisations;A Case Study: Ghana Education Service- By SWANZY AWOZUM, Good practices in building innovative rural institutions to increase food security, Public Procurement Policy Considerations in the Caribbean, ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN REVENUE MOBILISATION IN GHANA, Factors Affecting Implementation of Public Procurement Act in SACCO Societies in Kenya, Development-based Public Procurement Policies: A Selective Survey of Policy Experience, Conflict of interest on public procurement management in Uganda, Beyond UNCITRAL: The Challenges of Procurement Reform Implementation in Africa 2014, The Public Procurement Reforms in Nigeria: Implementation and Compliance Challenges, The World Bank's Influence on Procurement Reform in Africa, Central Banks and Their Status Under Community Procurement Legislation, Public policy and financial management through e-procurement: A practice oriented normative model for maximizing transformative impacts, Promoting competitive markets: The role of public procurement, Decision Technological Foundations of Public Procurement Processes, Global Administrative Law: An Italian perspective, Public Procurement Reform in Developing Countries: The Uganda Experience INTRODUCTION: IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REFORM IN DEVELOPING AFRICAN COUNTRIES, TWO (OUT)BIDDING WOMEN: PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REFORM DIFFUSION AND GENDER EQUALITY IN AFRICA, AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS IN ZIMBABWE: CASE OF THE STATE PROCUREMENT BOARD DURING ZIMBABWE'S INCLUSIVE GOVERNMENT EPOCH (2009-2013)E, TRAJECTORIES OF MAVERICK BUYING IN THE DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES IN GHANA. Public procurement, tendering and corruption Realities, challenges and tangible solutions E Mantzaris School of Public Leadership Stellenbosch University ABSTRACT This article analyses a number of key elements and processes of the procurement and tendering systems in the South African public service systematically, with the Procurement has been identified as the link between a desire by the client for a construction project and the delivery of value products to agreed standards. Bribery and corruption. Box 3925, Kampala Uganda Tel: 256 414 311 100 Fax: 256 414 344 858 or 256 414 250 031 Web: www.ppda.go.ug Factors Affecting Public Procurement Performance: The Case of Expedite the full roll-out of e-GP and make it mandatory for all procuring entities. Public sector procurement managers face a different set of challenges to their private sector peers. Face Your Public Procurement Challenges With the right solutions. Track auto-renewing contracts and receive alerts before they renew. Generally these framework have an increased focus on probity, and lack the traditional supply chain model. The process of contract management Contract management activities can be broadly grouped into three areas: delivery management, relationship management, and contract administration. This resource is only available to our paid members. Theresstill time for you to get involved and have your say in the survey. firm Significant and president of the Netherlands Platform for Public Procurement. Market risks, potential frauds, cost, quality, and delivery risks constitute the most common type of risks. As a result, many developing countries have introduced it as a means to measure organizational and individual. The specific objectives of the study were; to establish the effect of technology, management styles, relationship management, and employee competence on contract management in the public procurement sector in Kenya. Offering minimal impact on your working day, covering the hottest topics and bringing the industry's experts to you whenever and wherever you choose, LexisNexis Webinars offer the ideal solution for your training needs. WA-State Contract Management Manual 2 Chapter 6 Bidder Objections: Taking Issu Table of Contents Program at a Glance Tool The purpose of the study was to establish factors affecting contract management in public procurement sector. A cross-sectional survey design was used with the target sample size being 118. trail tek cellular camera sam's club challenges of contract management in public procurement pdf 202296 Special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Esther Ikasu for her support, guidance, and patience, and advice. There are ministries in the Government of India where approximately half of the total budget is spent on public procurement alone.4 This makes the need for integrity in public procurement not merely an ethical requirement but an economic and social one too. In most organisations, contract management is not a task that is relegated to a specific person or even to a specific department. Contractors have big influences upon projects and their successes. In a developed or developing country, public procurement practitioners have and will face always many challenges. assistance, encouragement and constructive criticism throughout the study, may God bless you. Chapter 1. Focus on doing what you do best and let us help make your website secure. The pandemic has highlighted the inadequacies of previous risk management activities. The GovProcure 2016 conference in Sydney brings together public sector procurement managers from all levels of government each year to focus on in on opportunities to improve, collaborate and ultimately deliver more value to their organisations. Contract management is usually dispersed throughout the organization. To embed innovation in the procurement process,actioncan be taken in the following four areas: After building credibility during the pandemic, now is a good time to justify investment in systems and tools to improve efficiency. Identifies type of procurement based on district needs Posts the Request for Qualifications Aids the CST in the development of robust questions Screens the SOQ packages Issues the tract Manager lls a major gap in public management literature by providing a clear and practical in-troduction to the best practices of contract management and also includes a discussion of public ethics, governance and representation theory. Lack of supplier performance information. The session will also give procurement managers tangible ideas for improvement in the areas that matter to them most. Paul Golding, summarizes the UK Cabinet Office's recent Guidance regarding contracts impacted by the COVID-19 emergency. 1. IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND ASSET DISPOSAL ACT 2015 AT KENYA FERRY SERVICES LIMITED Vincent Kimuli Tito1, Susan Wanjiru 2 1 Master of Science in Procurement and Contract Management, Student, Department of 2015). Be up to date on changes to the authoring templates. ABSTRACT In its mandate to steer the economic growth, Infrastructural development has been one core development area that has been put on focus by the Kenyan Government. Delivery Performance monitoring involves both efficiency (costs) and effectiveness, We reviewed the manuscripts focused on Supply Chain Management that had been published in Production and Operations Management (POM) over roughly 15 years (1992 to 2006). This study, Introduction: Measuring performance of government draws a considerable amount of attention from professional associations, scholars and practitioners. The five major challenges in contract management today are maintaining verbal contracts, figuring out and keeping track of costs, dealing with boilerplate language, unnecessarily develop a modern public procurement system, was conceived under the Public Resource Management Component of The Gambias Capacity Building for Economic Management Project (CBEMP), whose goals include, amongst others, improving economic governance and enhancing overall performance in growth and poverty reduction. He uses theories such as Stewardship Theory of CSR, Social Contract Theory of CSR, Utilitarian Theory of CSR to compare he results. Purpose: The focus of the study was to analyze the influence of supply chain drivers on performance of National Government Constituency Development funded projects in Bungoma County. Abstract-Construction industry participants have started recognizing that accepting the least price bid does not guarantee maximum value. This chapter will present six common challenges, identify external factors that public procurement practitioners have to deal with, and finally provide a summary of chapters grouped under common themes. He, You receive a phone call from a director in another division of CTI. Yet, they also face their own particular set of challenges. The main purpose of this study was to examine the challenges of contract management in the public procurement processes in TANESCO. Khi V. Thai, Ph.D., is a Professor in the School of Public Administration, and the Director of the Public Procurement Research Center, Florida Atlantic University. There was a moderate positive correlation between employee reward and job satisfaction. To do this, it will be necessary to: Maximise the use of existing resources, possibly by developing a specialised multi-disciplinary contracting team that could provide professional advice and assistance to individual purchasing . Specifically, it discusses the practices, rationale, and challenges associated with implementing supplier development as an important activity within supplier management practices. The study recommended that Public sector organizations should adopt a strategic approach to organizations. The study will help uneaiih the impact of effective contract management practice on operational performance of the state A centralized and transparent supply chain management can mitigate such risks. What's the number one barrier to changing a sourcing strategy? Information transformation - developed procurement site in new DoE digital The Kenya government, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Contract management is one of the essential aspects of public procurement act that ensures openness, accountability and fair contract administration among state agencies. Its contribution, Performance management has become a key element in modern public sector governance. Addis Ababa City, Gulele Sub-City Administration. These challenges are: Limited transparency on claims and service credits. Procurement helps refugees find their own solutions, says Danish Refugee Why procurement is the solution to all of your problems, Will the global squeeze on energy help the push for renewables, How Schneider Electric caused a ripple effect of positive procurement, Why you should use KPIs to manage behavioural change, Meet the 2022 CIPS Symposium winners and finalists, What does it take to be a procurement leader today, A procurement masterclass in 'building a plane while flying it', A high-tech procurement strategy that's reaping rewards, The blockage of the Suez Canal highlighted the fragility of supply chains Mahmoud Khaled/Getty Images, How to help your employees manage through a cost-of-living crisis, 'Recessionary times can actually facilitate more creative solutions'. There exists a gap in the literature available in the area of supply chain management (SCM) studies, on providing theoretical support for explaining the existence and the domain of SCM. Persuade stakeholders to support and engage with the project by highlighting the benefits to the organisation or individuals concerned, and focusing on key performance drivers such as delivering improvements or increasing profitability, d) Determine the necessary actions and strategy for stakeholder communications. challenges of contract management in public procurement pdf The specific objectives of the study were; to establish the effect of technology, management styles, relationship management, and employee competence on contract management in the public procurement sector in Kenya. Delivery management ensures that whatever is ordered is then delivered to the required level of quality and performance as stated in the contract. Supply chain certainty. Using case studies and story-telling techniques, procurement must inform the business of its successes. The study used descriptive research to establish factors associated with certain occurrences, outcomes, conditions or types of behaviour. By creating an environment of collaboration and mutual respect, procurement can focus on accelerating the path to delivery, introducing innovation, enhancing sustainability, boosting revenues through supplier-led initiatives, and by doing so will continue to gain credibility within the business. Sustainability. THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REFORMS ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN UGANDA. There has been a lot of investment on Construction and Maintenance of National trunk roads mainly being the main transport medium inland owing most especially to the unreliability of the Railway Transport after its collapse within the last two decades. Prevention of bribery and corruption. Apple diversifies away from dominant supplier in bid for resilience, How procurement can benefit from supplier secondments, How employers can support people going through menopause, How to stop your stars from walking out the door, Why training suppliers helps increase compliance, What you need to know about supply chain collaboration and IP protection. 3. Gathua_Public Procurement Process In Kenya A Review Of Its Performance In The University Of Nairobi, line with the research questions of the study The population of the study, POPLHLTH 111 Practice Test 2 Version 10000001 Student ID 14 Question 39 One of, 2001 18 Carter Janet Domestic Violence Child Abuse and Youth Violence Strategies, Azure Functions can be Stateless the defaultwhere the functions behave as if, 007403196_1-a541eb9a95f2e4524599407c901e5f36-768x994.png, When an incomplete figure appears on a sheet of paper we are able to discern the, acts contrary to the authority of an entry warrant issued under this Act or, 3 In his Directors Statement about Hana Kore eda writes that after making Nobody, excessive wealth affluenza adoption childhood in foster homes parents, Clear my choice Dashboard Subject CGE25111 10295 202209 Sections In class, Lanham Lexington Books Myint U 2000 Corruption Causes Consequences and Cures, Initial direct costs in connection with lease activities are capitalized to the, Simple exponential smoothing is being used to forecast demand The previous, 23 days The number of days after which A left the work was Sol ABs one days work, Copy of HW5-Problem 2_2021_Original 12.xlsx, Bodie Chapter 08 61 Difficulty Medium 62 Which of the following stock price, d tell the farmer that the doctor will be there in the morning 7 Administration, Bhavin Milankumar Patel (101372268)- Comm1007 DIAGNOSTIC WRITING EXERCISE.docx, You receive a phone call from a director in another division of CTI. Where a contract adopts a milestone approach; payment to the supplier can be tied to the successful completion of each milestone. Most . PSCM). Challenges in Contract Management 15 . Buyers warned suppliers now 'incentivised to turn the screws' on payment. Addis Ababa City, Gulele Sub-City Administration. With that comes greater responsibilities and several more challenges. When managing a contract you must follow the terms and conditions, as well as document and agree on changes that arise during the process. Drawing from the literature, the main arguments are on the . 2.2.2 Community Right to Challenge (Localism) Act 2012 Once viewed as purely an administrative function, procurement is being recognized more and more as an integral component of organizational performance one that has the potential to significantly impact the . challenges of contract management in public procurement pdf. The State Procurement Board procedures and the public procurement process have been criticized for much of the lagging behind of government projects, such as the construction of roads, provision of clean water and sewer reticulation, amongst others (The Herald, 20 January 2018). Mazikana, Anthony Tapiwa, Reducing Contract Management Challenges in Public Sector Procurement in Zimbabwe (August 27, 2019). Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. I would like to acknowledge God Almighty for the strength, sound mind and provision during, the period of study. Management shares the view of IED, that this is a long- term endeavor requiring a sustained and strong commitment as OneADB . Have a continual pulse on their agreements. 'Why were moving away from tactical supplier relationships,' says How procurement can shape a better future, When procuring for a charity, time is of the essence, Setting thresholds to make supply chains sustainable. Human Rights and Business Report 2017, Legal and Human Rights Centre, African Journal of Procurement, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, Dama Academic Scholarly & Scientific Research Society, The impact of public procurement reforms on services delivery in Mogadishu Somalia. The important of public procurement call for assessment on how these procurement processes are conducted in an effort to achieve the main objective of the reform. The awarding of tenders for various projects has resulted in the delay or non-completion of crucial projects. The main purpose of this study was to examine the challenges of contract management in the public procurement processes in TANESCO. Legal and internal compliance issues are a risk to the procurement function. Forty-two per cent of the respondents indicated that there were delays in payments to suppliers and this affected greatly their service delivery. Contract management is a valuable step in public procurement as it ensures that service or products delivery is undertaken as per the contractual terms and conditions. His current research interests include public budgeting, accounting and public procurement. Data analysis involved frequencies and percentages, Spearman rank correlation, coefficient of determination, regression, and ANOVA. Revise the current draft Public Procurement Bill 2017, which should address the gaps and weaknesses identified in the MAPS assessment. In a developed or developing country, public procurement practitioners have and will face always many challenges. Purposive, stratifi ed and systematic sampling techniques were used to select respondents. Key words: Challenges of Public of Procurement Performance in Kenya, Procurement Process. Legal and internal identification of procurement needs, procurement planning, bid processes and placing of the contracts and contract management. Additionally, compliance risks like anti-corruption, policy adherence . of the Degree of Masters of Science in Procurement and Supply Chain The five strategies procurement is deploying to boost stakeholder relations, The top six challenges facing procurement, Why leaders are on the fence about 'whether procurement will survive', Saudi's Ceer brand cars will have special paint to survive 'harsh environment', How Walmart used a chatbot to plug its supplier value leakage, Financial stability of critical and high-spend suppliers, Issues that may cause reputational damage concerns, Breaches of GDPR and other data protection/security regulations, Human capital practices including modern day slavery, Organisational alignmentthroughout the procurement process, Early market engagement, with action that is transparent, honest and fair, as well as clear instructions on how to manage information, communication and intellectual property, Early supplier engagement at the sourcing stage, building on information gained from the early market engagement activity. Personnel are the ones that contribute to the effectiveness since they are needed to perform the duties. The common challenges in procurement are: Risk management: The procurement function is riddled with risks such as non-compliance, invoice fraud, and sourcing risks. With the advancement of technology and the market, procurement challenges are also evolving. Competition helps: the Project Owners' to acquire the five rights (Counterpart, Cost, Time, Quality and Quantity) s/he is entitled to . Three prominent examples at the Federal level are: Contingency or risk mitigation plans missing. Graham Crawshaw is services director atCASME, a membership association of global procurement professionals. The common challenges in procurement are: Risk management: The procurement function is riddled with risks such as non-compliance, invoice fraud, and sourcing risks. THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REFORMS ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN UGANDA, PRIVATIZATION PROCESS AND ASSET VALUATION A case study of Tanzania, The relationship between employee reward and job satisfaction in Uganda Management Institute: an empirical study, ASSESSMENT ON HOW INTERNAL AUDIT IMPROVES ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS IN TANZANIA The case of Iringa District Council in Iringa region, Theories and stories in African public administration, DETERMINANTS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION PROCESSES OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN KENYA NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY, ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS TO THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE A CASE OF CRDB BANK, IN IRINGA MUNICIPALITY by Arthur B, THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE, REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Final Report A Study on LGAs Own Source Revenue Collection, TENDERING PROCEDURES IN PUBLIC SECTOR THE CASE OF ILALA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL A Dissertation submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Master of Science in Procurement and Supply Chain Management (Msc. Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with suppliers. One of the store's most popular products is an MP8 car stereo system. Abstract and Figures. Introduction 1.1. The researcher established the influence, The contribution of planning in facilitating an efficient and effective performance of public sector organizations is generally undisputed in both developed and developing countries. The study adopted a mixed approach to research. Innovation support activities: pilot projects, inducements and rewards, risk sharing, briefings/seminars/workshops, and unsolicited proposals. contracts, focusing specifically on contract management and planning for contract succession. contract and the person who will have day-to-day responsibility for contract management. Specifically, the study assessed the awareness on procedures involved in Procurement contract management, examined factors affecting contract management performance in TANESCO and identified area of improvement concerning contract management in TANESCO. Private Sector (not in pure procurement role admittedly) - found this intellectually tough as there was a bigger ask in terms of broader business knowledge from truly understanding impact of law, regulation, customer contracts, pricing, delegations/company policies, insurance, truly mitigating risk rather than just . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Oakley Straightlink Prizm Lenses, Are you cut out for a procurement career? Suggested Citation, Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal, Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) eJournal, Urban Economics & Regional Studies eJournal, Stakeholder Management & Stakeholder Responsibilities eJournal, Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal, Public Procurement, Government Contracts & Outsourcing eJournal, Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic, Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. Morgan Stanley Benevity, This . Improve transparency measures for contract awards that involve "international relations" before these contracts are signed. They were working on a project that involved a special international shipment of wine for one of CTI's big customers. written permission of the author or Ruaha Catholic University ( RUCU ) in that behalf. Primer on protectionism in public procurement markets. Legal Aspects of Public Procurement, Third Edition provides a glimpse into the relationships between the legal, ethical, and professional standards of public procurement, outlining not only the interconnections of federal, state, and local law but also best practice under comprehensive judicial standards. Sampling techniques; The study adopted simple random sampling and judgmental sampling technique. Moreover, the research strategy was mixed [32]. EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT REVENUE COLLECTION, A CASE OF TANZANIA REVENUE AUTHORITY IRINGA REGION, ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEES' PERFORMANCE IN THE ORGANIZATION, A CASE STUDY OF AIRTEL IRINGA, EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCUREMENT PLANNING ON SERVICES DELIVERY IN PUBLIC SECTOR A Case Study of Tanga City Council, INFLUENCE OF TENDERING PROCESS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE,A CASE OF THE NELSON MANDELA AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, FACTORS HINDERING ADOPTION OF GREEN PROCUREMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, A CASE OF TANZANIA BREWERIES ARUSHA, INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT PLAN ON VALUE FOR MONEY IN PARASTATAL ORGANISATIONS IN ARUSHA REGION, FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPLEMENTATION OF E-PROCUREMENT IN PUBLIC ENTITIES: A CASE OF TANESCO ARUSHA REGION, FACTORS FACILITATING EMPLOYEES' PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS: A CASE OF TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY (TANESCO) IN DODOMA REGION, Henry Vasco Lampiyao PhD Thesis(Academia upload), An assessment of the framework for energy regulation in Malawi, Challenges Affecting Procurement Processes in Public Organisations in Tanzania: The Case Study of Parastatal Pensions Fund-Head Quarters- Dar es Salaam, Assessment of the effectiveness of services outsourcing in public health institutions: A case of Mbeya referral hospital (MRH), Effectiveness in contract management in Tanzania A case study of Tanroads, Challenges Facing Adoption of E-Procurement in South Sudan: A Case of Ministry of Finance and Planning Challenges Facing Adoption of E-Procurement in South Sudan: A Case of Ministry of Finance and Planning, FACTORS AFFECTING PROCUREMENT PRACTICES IN PUBLIC PROCURING ENTITIES -TANZANIA, Effectiveness of pre paid metering system in Revenue collection: A case of Tanesco.