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Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Barry, B. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. However, what good representation should be is debated. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Pros. Advantage. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. . Democracy and the new separation of powers. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. Young, I. M. (1994). Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. New York: Oxford University Press. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Representing Diversity. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. Mansbridge, J. A political-philosophical exchange. New York: Free Press. 6. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Lexington: D. C. Heath. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Holst, C. (2014). Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. 8. (Eds.). Phillips, A. 1. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Kymlicka, W. (1993). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Or at least, that's one theory. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . A theory of justice. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Lafont, C. (2006). Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. 518). Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Comparative state feminism. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Towards a European union gender equality index. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In K. Ross (Ed. That's pretty straightforward. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Williams, M. S. (1998). Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goodin, R. 2004. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Why democracy? Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. 2. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Enter your library card number to sign in. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Cornell, D. (1998). Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Purpose. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. both quantitative and qualitative research. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Equality of opportunity. Required fields are marked *. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. London: Routledge. in or register, Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. ), Representation and redistricting issues. This essay will proceed as follows. Fraser, N. (2003). Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. Guinier, L. (1994). 2. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. 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Conclusion. Galligan, Y. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, London. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Would perfect mobility be perfect? In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Descriptive representation is hotly contested. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as References. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). 3. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Swift, A. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Google Scholar. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (2012). Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Lovenduski, J. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Cornell, D. (1995). There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Tannen, D. (1994). Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. (1998). State feminism and political representation. Between facts and norms. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives While Swain, C. M. (1993). We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. (2002). This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. - 136.243.94.45. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Cons are arguments against it. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? #1) Waterfall Model. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? 9. blurted this. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Lovenduski, J. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. New York: Palgrave. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Feminism, epistemology and morality. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. (2014). Tables can be useful if trying to. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. CrossRef From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Gender and discourse. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. Defending equality of outcome. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. Affordable. (Eds. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. 1938). Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Feminizing politics. New York: Verso. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Vibert, F. (2007). This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others.