Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. From Stein's translation:[3]. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Hiranya died childless. Gave lands to Brahmins. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Her son was Chippatajayapida. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. This quarterly has been published regularly since The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. After ruling indirectly and directly. Son of Sangramapida II. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). elsewhere. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Turn on. section. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. translator of the Rajataragini. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Answer. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Kalhana was a poet. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Total loading time: 0 The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. He subdued several enemies. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. He was known for his religious tolerance. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Report Error After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). They cannot be abusive or personal. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Omissions? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Answer. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. His family ruled for many generations. Verse 13. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Updates? Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse.